Exchange-Traded Fund (ETF)
Exchange-Traded Fund (ETF)
A pooled investment security that trades on an exchange like a stock throughout the trading day. ETFs typically track an index, sector, commodity, or other assets, combining the diversification of mutual funds with the intraday tradability of stocks. They use a creation/redemption mechanism with authorized participants to maintain prices close to net asset value (NAV).
An investor purchases 100 shares of an S&P 500 ETF (like SPY) at 10:30 AM for $450 per share through their brokerage account. The transaction executes immediately at the current market price, unlike a mutual fund which would execute at the end-of-day NAV.
Students often confuse ETF pricing with mutual fund pricing. ETFs trade at market prices throughout the day (which can be at a premium or discount to NAV), while mutual funds always transact at their end-of-day NAV with forward pricing.
How This Is Tested
- Distinguishing ETF trading characteristics from mutual funds (intraday pricing vs. forward pricing)
- Understanding the creation/redemption process with authorized participants
- Identifying tax efficiency advantages of ETFs due to in-kind transfers
- Recognizing that ETF market prices can differ from NAV (premiums/discounts)
- Comparing expense ratios and cost structures between ETFs and mutual funds
Example Exam Questions
Test your understanding with these practice questions. Select an answer to see the explanation.
Michael, a 52-year-old investor, wants exposure to the technology sector but needs the flexibility to exit his position quickly if market conditions change during the trading day. He is comparing a technology sector mutual fund with a 0.85% expense ratio to a technology sector ETF with a 0.35% expense ratio. Both track similar indices. Which statement about these investments is most accurate for Michael's needs?
B is correct. ETFs trade on exchanges throughout the day like stocks, allowing Michael to enter or exit positions at any time during market hours at current market prices. This provides the intraday flexibility he needs. Additionally, the ETF's 0.35% expense ratio is significantly lower than the mutual fund's 0.85%, saving Michael 0.50% annually in costs.
A is incorrect because mutual funds use forward pricing. orders placed during the day execute at the NAV calculated after market close, not immediately. This doesn't provide intraday exit flexibility. C is incorrect because while both track similar indices, their trading mechanisms differ fundamentally. ETFs offer continuous intraday pricing while mutual funds price once daily. D is completely false as it reverses the key characteristic of ETFs.
The Series 65 exam tests your ability to recommend appropriate investment vehicles based on client needs. Understanding the distinction between ETF intraday trading and mutual fund forward pricing is critical for making suitable recommendations to clients who need liquidity flexibility or want to minimize costs.
How do ETF shares trade compared to traditional mutual fund shares?
B is correct. ETFs trade on exchanges throughout market hours (typically 9:30 AM to 4:00 PM ET) at market-determined prices, just like individual stocks. Buyers and sellers transact at the current market price, which fluctuates throughout the day based on supply and demand.
A describes mutual fund trading, not ETFs. mutual funds use forward pricing with once-daily NAV calculations. C is incorrect because ETFs trade on exchanges between investors, not through the fund company, and they trade at current market prices, not previous closing prices. D is completely inaccurate. there is no weekly trading or price averaging mechanism for ETFs.
The Series 65 exam frequently tests knowledge of the fundamental difference between ETF and mutual fund trading mechanisms. This distinction affects recommendations for clients who need intraday liquidity versus those who are long-term, buy-and-hold investors.
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C is correct. Calculate the premium paid:
Market price per share: $85.50
NAV per share: $85.00
Premium per share: $85.50 - $85.00 = $0.50
Total shares: 200
Total premium: $0.50 × 200 = $100
The investor paid $100 more than the underlying NAV value for this ETF purchase.
A ($10) would be the premium for only 20 shares. B ($34.20) incorrectly includes the annual expense ratio calculation ($85.50 × 200 × 0.0020), which is not relevant to the premium calculation. D ($170) incorrectly calculates the expense ratio on the total purchase ($17,100 × 0.01 = $170), confusing expense ratios with the NAV premium.
The Series 65 exam tests your understanding that ETFs can trade at premiums or discounts to NAV. While arbitrage mechanisms typically keep ETF prices close to NAV, understanding how to calculate premiums/discounts is important for evaluating execution quality and advising clients on potential costs beyond the expense ratio.
All of the following statements about Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs) are accurate EXCEPT
C is correct (the EXCEPT answer). ETFs do NOT always trade at NAV. they trade at market prices that can be at premiums (above NAV) or discounts (below NAV), especially during periods of high volatility or for less liquid ETFs. While the creation/redemption mechanism helps keep ETF prices close to NAV through arbitrage, they are not locked to NAV like mutual funds.
A is accurate: ETFs trade continuously on exchanges during market hours, unlike mutual funds which trade once daily. B is accurate: Most ETFs are passively managed index funds with expense ratios typically ranging from 0.03% to 0.50%, compared to actively managed mutual funds that often charge 0.75% to 1.50% or more. D is accurate: Authorized participants (typically large institutional investors) create new ETF shares or redeem existing shares in large blocks (creation units) to manage supply and help keep market prices aligned with NAV.
The Series 65 exam tests your understanding of ETF pricing mechanics. While ETFs generally trade close to NAV due to arbitrage, they are NOT required to trade exactly at NAV. This distinction is important when advising clients about potential execution costs and understanding why ETF prices can diverge from NAV during market stress.
A client is comparing an actively managed mutual fund to a passively managed ETF that tracks the same market index. Both have identical holdings and sector allocations. Which of the following differences would you expect to observe between these two investments?
1. The ETF will likely have a lower expense ratio
2. The mutual fund can only be purchased at the end of the trading day at NAV
3. The ETF will generate fewer taxable capital gains distributions
4. The mutual fund allows for automatic dividend reinvestment while ETFs do not
B is correct. Statements 1, 2, and 3 are accurate differences between ETFs and mutual funds.
Statement 1 is TRUE: ETFs typically have lower expense ratios due to passive management and lower operational costs. Even when tracking the same index, ETFs average 0.15-0.40% while comparable index mutual funds average 0.20-0.70%.
Statement 2 is TRUE: Mutual funds use forward pricing. all purchase and redemption orders placed during the day execute at the NAV calculated after the 4:00 PM ET market close. ETFs trade continuously during market hours.
Statement 3 is TRUE: ETFs use an in-kind creation/redemption process where authorized participants exchange baskets of securities for ETF shares (and vice versa) without the fund selling securities. This avoids triggering capital gains. Mutual funds must sell securities to meet redemptions, potentially triggering capital gains distributed to all shareholders.
Statement 4 is FALSE: Both ETFs and mutual funds can offer automatic dividend reinvestment programs (DRIPs), though the mechanisms differ. Many brokerages offer automatic reinvestment for both ETFs and mutual funds.
The Series 65 exam tests your comprehensive understanding of structural differences between ETFs and mutual funds. These distinctions affect tax efficiency, costs, and trading flexibility. all critical factors when making suitability recommendations. Understanding the creation/redemption mechanism's tax advantages is particularly important for clients in higher tax brackets.
💡 Memory Aid
ETF = Exchange Traded Flexibility: ETFs are the "fast food" version of mutual funds—instant trading anytime the market is open (like buying stocks), while mutual funds make you wait until 4 PM for end-of-day pricing. ETFs also dodge taxes better through in-kind swaps.
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Where This Appears on the Exam
This term is tested in the following Series 65 exam topics: